Math Library
While the arithmetic and logic operators represent the basic operations that our [[CPU]] can perform, there are many other common math functions that com in handy. Since they are so common, programming languages usually have a math library that provides these functions. Logarithms, trigonometry and random number generation are just of few of the types of functions typically provided.
Math Constants
Math constants provide commonly used mathematical constanst to the highest precesion available. Some of the more useful math constants are summarized below.
Constant | Description |
---|---|
exp(1) | Euler's constant [[ℯ]], base of the natural logarithm |
pi | [[Pi]], Ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter |
Math Functions
These most useful math functions are summarized below.
Function | Description |
---|---|
abs(x) | [[Absolute value]] of x |
acos(x) | [[Arc cosine]] of x, result is in the range [0,π] [[Radians]] |
acosh(x) | [[Arc hyperbolic cosine]] of x |
asin(x) | [[Arc sine]] of x, result is in the range [-π/2,π/2] [[Radians]] |
asinh(x) | [[Arc hyperbolic sine]] of x |
atan(x) | [[Arc tangent]] of x, result is in the range [-π/2,π/2] [[Radians]] |
atan2(y,x) | Angle θ from the conversion of [[rectangular coordinates]] (x,y), result is in the range [-π/2,π/2] [[Radians]] |
atanh(x) | [[Arc hyperbolic tangent]] of x |
ceil(x) | Smallest integer value greater than x |
cos(x) | [[Cosine]] of x (in [[Radians]]) |
cosh(x) | [[Hyperbolic cosine]] of x |
exp(x) | [[ℯ]] rasied to the power x, i.e. ℯx |
floor(x) | Largest integer less than x |
floor(x+0.5) | Nearest integer to x (round) |
log(x) | [[Natural logarithm]] of x |
log10(x) | [[Common logarithm]] of x |
max(x,y) | Larger of x and y |
min(x,y) | Smaller of x and y |
pow(x,y) | x raised to the power y, i.e. xy |
rand | [[Pseudorandom]] number on the interval [0,1) |
sin(x) | [[Sine]] of x (in [[Radians]]) |
sqrt(x) | [[Square root]] of x |
tan(x) | [[Tangent]] of x (in [[Radians]]) |
tanh(x) | [[Hyperbolic tangent]] of x |
Be sure to add the following use statements to the top of your program in order to use these math functions and constants.
use Math::Trig;
use List::Util qw[min max];
use POSIX;
#!/usr/bin/env perl use utf8; ############################################################################### # This program demonstrates the math library. # # Copyright © 2016 Richard Lesh. All rights reserved. ############################################################################### use List::Util qw(min max); use Math::Trig qw(abs acos acosh asin asinh atan atan2 atanh cosh pi pow rand sinh tan tanh); use Math::Trig; use POSIX qw(ceil floor log10); use Utils; use strict; use warnings; MAIN: { my $a = pi() / 6; my $b = pi() / 4; my $c = -$a * 2; my $d = -$b * 2; my $e = exp(1.); print Utils::messageFormat("pi = \{0:f\}", pi()), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("e = \{0:f\}", exp(1.)), "\n"; # abs, floor, ceil, round, trunc, min, max print Utils::messageFormat("abs(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $a, abs($a)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("abs(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $c, abs($c)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("floor(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $a, floor($a)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("floor(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $c, floor($c)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("ceil(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $a, ceil($a)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("ceil(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $c, ceil($c)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("round(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $a, floor($a + 0.5)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("round(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $c, floor($c + 0.5)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("trunc(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $a, $a < 0.0 ? ceil($a) : floor($a)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("trunc(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $c, $c < 0.0 ? ceil($c) : floor($c)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("min(\{0:f\}, \{1:f\}) = \{2:f\}", $a, $c, min($a, $c)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("max(\{0:f\}, \{1:f\}) = \{2:f\}", $a, $c, max($a, $c)), "\n"; # sin, cos, tan, atan, atan2, acos, asin print Utils::messageFormat("sin(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $a, sin($a)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("sin(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $b, sin($b)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("sin(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $c, sin($c)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("sin(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $d, sin($d)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("cos(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $a, cos($a)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("cos(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $b, cos($b)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("cos(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $c, cos($c)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("cos(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $d, cos($d)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("tan(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $a, tan($a)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("tan(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $b, tan($b)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("tan(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $c, tan($c)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("asin(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", sin($a), asin(sin($a))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("asin(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", sin($b), asin(sin($b))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("asin(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", sin($c), asin(sin($c))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("asin(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", sin($d), asin(sin($d))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("acos(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", cos($a), acos(cos($a))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("acos(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", cos($b), acos(cos($b))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("acos(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", cos($c), acos(cos($c))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("acos(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", cos($d), acos(cos($d))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("atan(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", tan($a), atan(tan($a))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("atan(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", tan($b), atan(tan($b))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("atan(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", tan($c), atan(tan($c))), "\n"; # 45 degrees print Utils::messageFormat("atan2(\{0:f\}, \{1:f\}) = \{2:f\}", 1.0, 1.0, atan2(1.0, 1.0)), "\n"; # 30 degrees print Utils::messageFormat("atan2(\{0:f\}, \{1:f\}) = \{2:f\}", 1.0, sqrt(3.0), atan2(1.0, sqrt(3.0))), "\n"; # sinh, cosh, tanh, atanh, acosh, asinh print Utils::messageFormat("sinh(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $a, sinh($a)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("sinh(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $b, sinh($b)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("sinh(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $c, sinh($c)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("sinh(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $d, sinh($d)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("cosh(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $a, cosh($a)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("cosh(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $b, cosh($b)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("cosh(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $c, cosh($c)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("cosh(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $d, cosh($d)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("tanh(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $a, tanh($a)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("tanh(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $b, tanh($b)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("tanh(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $c, tanh($c)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("tanh(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $d, tanh($d)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("asinh(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", sinh($a), asinh(sinh($a))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("asinh(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", sinh($b), asinh(sinh($b))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("asinh(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", sinh($c), asinh(sinh($c))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("asinh(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", sinh($d), asinh(sinh($d))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("acosh(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", cosh($a), acosh(cosh($a))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("acosh(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", cosh($b), acosh(cosh($b))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("acosh(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", cosh($c), acosh(cosh($c))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("acosh(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", cosh($d), acosh(cosh($d))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("atanh(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", tanh($a), atanh(tanh($a))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("atanh(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", tanh($b), atanh(tanh($b))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("atanh(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", tanh($c), atanh(tanh($c))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("atanh(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", tanh($d), atanh(tanh($d))), "\n"; # log, log10, exp, pow, sqrt print Utils::messageFormat("log(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $a, log($a)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("log(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $b, log($b)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("log(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", -$c, log(-$c)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("log(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", -$d, log(-$d)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("log(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $e, log($e)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("log10(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $a, log10($a)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("log10(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $b, log10($b)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("log10(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", -$c, log10(-$c)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("log10(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", -$d, log10(-$d)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("log10(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", $e, log10($e)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("exp(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", 0.5, exp(0.5)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("exp(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", 1.0, exp(1.0)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("exp(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", 2.0, exp(2.0)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("pow(\{0:f\}, \{1:f\}) = \{2:f\}", 10.0, 0.5, ((10.0) ** (0.5))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("pow(\{0:f\}, \{1:f\}) = \{2:f\}", 10.0, 1.0, ((10.0) ** (1.0))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("pow(\{0:f\}, \{1:f\}) = \{2:f\}", 10.0, 2.0, ((10.0) ** (2.0))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("sqrt(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", 0.5, sqrt(0.5)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("sqrt(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", 2.0, sqrt(2.0)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("sqrt(\{0:f\}) = \{1:f\}", 10.0, sqrt(10.0)), "\n"; # random numbers print Utils::messageFormat("random() = \{0:f\}", rand()), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("random() = \{0:f\}", rand()), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("random() = \{0:f\}", rand()), "\n"; }
Output
#!/usr/bin/env perl use utf8; ############################################################################### # This program demonstrates the math integer functions. # # Copyright © 2020 Richard Lesh. All rights reserved. ############################################################################### use List::Util qw(min max); use Math::Trig qw(abs rand); use Utils; use strict; use warnings; MAIN: { my $a = 5; my $b = 10; my $c = -2; # abs, floor, ceil, round, trunc, min, max print Utils::messageFormat("abs(\{0:d\}) = \{1:d\}", $a, abs($a)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("abs(\{0:d\}) = \{1:d\}", $c, abs($c)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("min(\{0:d\}, \{1:d\}) = \{2:d\}", $a, $b, min($a, $b)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("max(\{0:d\}, \{1:d\}) = \{2:d\}", $a, $b, max($a, $b)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("min(\{0:d\}, \{1:d\}) = \{2:d\}", $b, $c, min($b, $c)), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("max(\{0:d\}, \{1:d\}) = \{2:d\}", $b, $c, max($b, $c)), "\n"; # random numbers print Utils::messageFormat("random(\{0:d\}) = \{1:d\}", $a, int(rand($a))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("random(\{0:d\}) = \{1:d\}", $a, int(rand($a))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("random(\{0:d\}) = \{1:d\}", $a, int(rand($a))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("random(\{0:d\}) = \{1:d\}", $a, int(rand($a))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("random(\{0:d\}) = \{1:d\}", $a, int(rand($a))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("random(\{0:d\}) = \{1:d\}", $b, int(rand($b))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("random(\{0:d\}) = \{1:d\}", $b, int(rand($b))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("random(\{0:d\}) = \{1:d\}", $b, int(rand($b))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("random(\{0:d\}) = \{1:d\}", $b, int(rand($b))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("random(\{0:d\}) = \{1:d\}", $b, int(rand($b))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("random(2) = \{0:d\}", int(rand(2))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("random(2) = \{0:d\}", int(rand(2))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("random(2) = \{0:d\}", int(rand(2))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("random(2) = \{0:d\}", int(rand(2))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("random(2) = \{0:d\}", int(rand(2))), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("random() = \{0:f\}", rand()), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("random() = \{0:f\}", rand()), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("random() = \{0:f\}", rand()), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("random() = \{0:f\}", rand()), "\n"; print Utils::messageFormat("random() = \{0:f\}", rand()), "\n"; }
Output
Random Numbers
Explain how to generate uniform random numbers, int and fp.
Questions
- {{Write an expression that yields √5.}}
- {{Write an expression that yields 3√5.}}
- {{Write an expression that yields the secant of π/4.}}
- {{Write an expression that yields log16 100.}}
Projects
More ★'s indicate higher difficulty level.
References
- [[Perl Language Reference]]
- [[Comprehensive Perl Archive Network (CPAN)]]
- [[Beginning Perl]], Simon Cozens
- [[Perl Monks Tutorials]]